Models and Principles of Commercializing Digital Intellectual Assets as Instruments of Smart Manufacturing

Digital intellectual assets (DIAs) generate business added value, contribute to the intellectualization of production processes, and ultimately enable industrial enterprises to achieve technological leadership and high-order competitive advantages. The purpose of this study is to identify the specific features of DIAs as instruments of smart manufacturing and, on this basis, to determine the models and principles for their commercialization. The methodological framework of the study is based on methods of classification, comparative analysis, generalization, and systematization. The research identifies the criteria distinguishing digital technologies from digital intellectual assets and characterizes the distinctive features of resource-based, innovation-driven, platform-based, investment-oriented, and ecosystem approaches to DIA commercialization. In addition, a comparative analysis of traditional and digital commercialization models for DIAs is conducted, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. The study concludes that the selection of a particular commercialization concept and model depends on the maturity level of a specific type of DIA, the degree of enterprise digitalization, and the market environment. The authors also propose an original classification of the principles underlying DIA commercialization. The findings of the study may be useful for company executives across various sectors of the economy in developing their own strategies for the commercialization of digital intellectual assets.

1. Etzkowitz H. The triple helix: University-industry-government innovation in action. New York, London: Routledge; 2008. 176 p.

2. Chesbrough H. Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press; 2003. 277 p.

3. Bogers M., Chesbrough H., Heaton S., Teece D. J. Strategic management of open innovation: A dynamic capabilities perspective. California Management Review. 2019;62(1):77-94. DOI: 10.1177/0008125619885150

4. Mateo-Casali M. A., Boza A., Fraile F. Digital assets in zero-defect manufacturing: Literature review and proposed framework. International Journal of Production Research. 2025. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2025.2563746

5. Berndt R., Cobârzan D., Eggeling E. A Platform architecture for data-and AI-supported human-centred zero defect manufacturing for sustainable production. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2024;58(19):622-627. DOI: 10.1016/j. ifacol.2024.09.231

6. Principles on digital assets and private law. International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT). URL: https://www.unidroit.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Principles-on-Digital-Assets-and-Private-Lawlinked-1. pdf (дата обращения: 05.05.2026).

7. Rodrigues D., da Silva A. D. A study on machine learning techniques for the schema matching network problem. Journal of the Brazillian Computer Society. 2021;27(1):14. DOI: 10.1186/s13173-021-00119-5

8. Klimachev T. D., Karasev A. D. Practical experience and promising areas of application of artificial intelligence at Russian manufacturing companies amidst sanctions pressure. Voprosy innovatsionnoi ekonomiki = Russian Journal of Innovation Economics. 2024;14(2):483-502. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.18334/vinec.14.2.121042

9. Reshetnikova M. S. China’s AI experience: Industrial digitalization. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Ekonomika = RUDN Journal of Economics. 2020;28(3):536-546. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-3-536-546

10. Obolenskaya L. V., Moreva E. L. Development of the mechanism of digital ecosystem institutionalization in Russian industry: Classification and regulatory and legal aspects. Innovatsii i investitsii = Innovation & Investment. 2024;(9):305-310. (In Russ.).

11. Loseva O. V. Digital assets: Economic, legal and technological context. Imushchestvennye otnosheniya v Rossiiskoi Federatsii = Property Relations in the Russian Federation. 2021;(11):42-51. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24412/2072-4098-2021-11-42-51

12. Lapteva A. M. Legal regime of the digital assets (on example Big Data). Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava = Journal of Russian Law. 2019;(4):93-104. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.12737/art_2019_4_8

13. Moro-Visconti R. The valuation of digital intangibles: Technology, marketing, and the metaverse. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2022. 811 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-09237-4

14. Loseva O. V., Abdikeev N. M. Identification of digital intellectual assets and features of their commercialization. Upravlencheskie nauki =Management Sciences. 2023;13(3):34-46. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.26794/2404-022X-2020-13-3-34-46

15. Loseva O. V., Popova E. D. Methods for estimating the value of digital intellectual assets. Vestnik evraziiskoi nauki = The Eurasian Scientific Journal. 2023;15(3):64. URL: https://esj.today/PDF/72ECVN323.pdf (In Russ.).

16. Loseva O. V., Fedotova M. A., Abdikeev N. M. Conceptual model for evaluating digital intellectual assets. Finance: Theory and Practice. 2023;27(4):118-130. DOI: 10.26794/2587-5671-2023-27-4-118-130

17. Karikh D. A. Methods of estimating the value of digital intellectual assets in a bank. Innovatsionnaya nauka = Innovation Science. 2023;(9-2):29-32. (In Russ.).